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Figura usual I probably forgot a file or two or who knows what else, so if you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask as I do make plenty of mistakes.
The efficiency of Verdadero heat engines is even lower than the Carnot efficiency due to irreversibility arising from the speed of processes, including friction.
Subsequent analysis (and experiment) have shown there is no way to physically implement such a system that does not result in an overall increase in entropy.
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The conservation laws are particularly robust from a mathematical perspective. Noether's theorem, which was proven mathematically in 1915, states that any conservation law can be derived from a corresponding continuous symmetry of the action of a physical system.
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Maxwell's demon: This was originally proposed to show that the second law of thermodynamics applied in the statistical sense only, by postulating a "demon" that could select energetic molecules and extract their energy.
To extract work from heat, click here thus producing a perpetual motion machine of the second kind, the most common approach (dating back at least to Maxwell's demon) is unidirectionality. Only molecules moving fast enough and in the right direction are allowed through the demon's trap door. In a Brownian ratchet, forces tending to turn the ratchet one way are able to do so while forces in the other direction are not. A diode in a heat bath allows through currents in one direction and not the other.
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1 There have historically been many purported perpetual motion machines.2,3 A close analysis of the machine invariably finds either that there is some assumption that violates the laws of thermodynamics or that there is some input from an external energy source, which means that the system is not isolated.4,5 In this article, we will consider an amusing example of such a machine, in which a ball starts on a platform, falls through a hole, and slides down a track formed from two side-by-side stainless steel rods.6 I explain how the machine Gozque be used in class to illustrate physical principles, outline the possible mechanisms, and end with an explanation of the correct mechanism.